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std::ranges:: lower_bound

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Constrained algorithms and algorithms on ranges (C++20)
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(C++11)
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(until C++17) (C++11)
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(C++17)

Sorting and related operations
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C library
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All names in this menu belong to namespace std::ranges
Non-modifying sequence operations
Modifying sequence operations
Partitioning operations
Sorting operations
Binary search operations (on sorted ranges)
Set operations (on sorted ranges)
Heap operations
Minimum/maximum operations
Permutation operations
Fold operations
Operations on uninitialized storage
Return types
定义于头文件 <algorithm>
调用签名
(1)
template < std:: forward_iterator I, std:: sentinel_for < I > S,

class T, class Proj = std:: identity ,
std:: indirect_strict_weak_order
< const T * , std :: projected < I, Proj >> Comp = ranges:: less >
constexpr I lower_bound ( I first, S last, const T & value,

Comp comp = { } , Proj proj = { } ) ;
(C++20 起)
(C++26 前)
template < std:: forward_iterator I, std:: sentinel_for < I > S,

class Proj = std:: identity ,
class T = std :: projected_value_t < I, Proj > ,
std:: indirect_strict_weak_order
< const T * , std :: projected < I, Proj >> Comp = ranges:: less >
constexpr I lower_bound ( I first, S last, const T & value,

Comp comp = { } , Proj proj = { } ) ;
(C++26 起)
(2)
template < ranges:: forward_range R,

class T, class Proj = std:: identity ,
std:: indirect_strict_weak_order
< const T * , std :: projected < ranges:: iterator_t < R > ,
Proj >> Comp = ranges:: less >
constexpr ranges:: borrowed_iterator_t < R >

lower_bound ( R && r, const T & value, Comp comp = { } , Proj proj = { } ) ;
(C++20 起)
(C++26 前)
template < ranges:: forward_range R,

class Proj = std:: identity ,
class T = std :: projected_value_t < ranges:: iterator_t < R > , Proj > ,
std:: indirect_strict_weak_order
< const T * , std :: projected < ranges:: iterator_t < R > ,
Proj >> Comp = ranges:: less >
constexpr ranges:: borrowed_iterator_t < R >

lower_bound ( R && r, const T & value, Comp comp = { } , Proj proj = { } ) ;
(C++26 起)
1) 返回指向范围 [ first , last ) 中首个不小于(即大于或等于) value 的元素的迭代器,若找不到此类元素则返回 last 。 该范围 [ first , last ) 必须相对于表达式 std:: invoke ( comp, std:: invoke ( proj, element ) , value ) 进行划分,即表达式结果为 true 的所有元素必须位于表达式结果为 false 的所有元素之前。完全有序的范围满足此条件。
2) (1) 相同,但使用 r 作为源范围,如同使用 ranges:: begin ( r ) 作为 first ,以及 ranges:: end ( r ) 作为 last

本页面描述的函数式实体是 算法函数对象 (非正式称为 niebloids ),即:

目录

参数

first, last - 定义待检验元素部分有序 范围 的迭代器-哨位对
r - 待检验的部分有序范围
value - 用于与投影元素比较的值
comp - 应用于投影元素的比较谓词
proj - 应用于元素的投影

返回值

指向首个 不小于 value 的元素的迭代器,若找不到此类元素则返回 last

复杂度

所执行的比较次数和投影应用次数与 first last 之间的距离成对数关系(最多进行 log 2 (last - first) + O(1) 次比较和投影应用)。然而,对于未实现 random_access_iterator 的迭代器,迭代器递增次数为线性。

注释

在一个完全排序(或更一般地说,在投影后相对于 value 部分有序)的范围内, std::ranges::lower_bound 实现了二分查找算法。因此, std::ranges::binary_search 可以基于它来实现。

功能测试 标准 功能特性
__cpp_lib_algorithm_default_value_type 202403 (C++26) 列表初始化 用于算法 ( 1,2 )

可能的实现

struct lower_bound_fn
{
    template<std::forward_iterator I, std::sentinel_for<I> S, class Proj = std::identity,
             class T = std::projected_value_t<I, Proj>,
             std::indirect_strict_weak_order
                 <const T*, std::projected<I, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
    constexpr I operator()(I first, S last, const T& value,
                           Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {}) const
    {
        I it;
        std::iter_difference_t<I> count, step;
        count = std::ranges::distance(first, last);
        while (count > 0)
        {
            it = first;
            step = count / 2;
            ranges::advance(it, step, last);
            if (comp(std::invoke(proj, *it), value))
            {
                first = ++it;
                count -= step + 1;
            }
            else
                count = step;
        }
        return first;
    }
    template<ranges::forward_range R, class Proj = std::identity,
             class T = std::projected_value_t<ranges::iterator_t<R>, Proj>,
             std::indirect_strict_weak_order
                 <const T*, std::projected<ranges::iterator_t<R>,
                                           Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
    constexpr ranges::borrowed_iterator_t<R>
        operator()(R&& r, const T& value, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {}) const
    {
        return (*this)(ranges::begin(r), ranges::end(r), value,
                       std::ref(comp), std::ref(proj));
    }
};
inline constexpr lower_bound_fn lower_bound;

示例

#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <complex>
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
#include <vector>
namespace ranges = std::ranges;
template<std::forward_iterator I, std::sentinel_for<I> S, class T,
         class Proj = std::identity,
         std::indirect_strict_weak_order
             <const T*, std::projected<I, Proj>> Comp = ranges::less>
constexpr I binary_find(I first, S last, const T& value, Comp comp = {}, Proj proj = {})
{
    first = ranges::lower_bound(first, last, value, comp, proj);
    return first != last && !comp(value, proj(*first)) ? first : last;
}
int main()
{
    std::vector data{1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5};
    //                                 ^^^^^^^^^^
    auto lower = ranges::lower_bound(data, 4);
    auto upper = ranges::upper_bound(data, 4);
    std::cout << "found a range [" << ranges::distance(data.cbegin(), lower)
              << ", " << ranges::distance(data.cbegin(), upper) << ") = { ";
    ranges::copy(lower, upper, std::ostream_iterator<int>(std::cout, " "));
    std::cout << "}\n";
    // 经典二分查找,仅当值存在时返回
    data = {1, 2, 4, 8, 16};
    //               ^
    auto it = binary_find(data.cbegin(), data.cend(), 8); // '5' 将返回 end()
    if (it != data.cend())
        std::cout << *it << " found at index " << ranges::distance(data.cbegin(), it);
    using CD = std::complex<double>;
    std::vector<CD> nums{{1, 0}, {2, 2}, {2, 1}, {3, 0}};
    auto cmpz = [](CD x, CD y) { return x.real() < y.real(); };
    #ifdef __cpp_lib_algorithm_default_value_type
        auto it2 = ranges::lower_bound(nums, {2, 0}, cmpz);
    #else
        auto it2 = ranges::lower_bound(nums, CD{2, 0}, cmpz);
    #endif
    assert((*it2 == CD{2, 2}));
}

输出:

found a range [6, 10) = { 4 4 4 4 }
8 found at index 3

参见

返回匹配特定键的元素范围
(算法函数对象)
将元素范围划分为两组
(算法函数对象)
定位已划分范围的分割点
(算法函数对象)
返回指向第一个 大于 某值的元素的迭代器
(算法函数对象)
返回指向第一个 不小于 给定值的元素的迭代器
(函数模板)